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　　長(zhǎng)毛兔作為毛用兔品種，其健康狀況直接影響產(chǎn)毛量與品質(zhì)。由于飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境、氣候條件及管理方式的差異，長(zhǎng)毛兔易受多種疾病侵襲，掌握常見疾病的癥狀表現(xiàn)，能為早期診斷與防治提供依據(jù)，減少養(yǎng)殖損失。

　　As a high-quality breed of wool rabbits, the health status of Jinan long haired rabbits directly affects their wool production and quality. Due to differences in breeding environment, climate conditions, and management methods, long haired rabbits are susceptible to various diseases. Understanding the symptoms of common diseases can provide a basis for early diagnosis and prevention, and reduce breeding losses.

　　傳染病是威脅長(zhǎng)毛兔群體健康的主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，這類疾病傳播迅速，若不及時(shí)控制可能引發(fā)大規(guī)模發(fā)病。兔病毒性出血癥（俗稱 “兔瘟”）是危害嚴(yán)重的傳染病之一，發(fā)病急、死亡率高，急性病例常無明顯癥狀突然死亡，病程稍長(zhǎng)的病兔會(huì)出現(xiàn)體溫升高（達(dá) 41℃以上）、精神萎靡、食欲廢絕，臨死前四肢抽搐、口鼻流出帶血泡沫，剖檢可見肺部出血、肝臟腫大。巴氏桿菌病由多殺性巴氏桿菌引起，癥狀因感染部位不同而異：肺炎型病兔表現(xiàn)為咳嗽、打噴嚏、呼吸困難，鼻孔流出膿性分泌物，呼吸時(shí)伴隨 “咕?！?聲；中耳炎型（歪頭病）病兔頭部偏向一側(cè)，轉(zhuǎn)圈運(yùn)動(dòng)，嚴(yán)重時(shí)無法站立，采食困難；敗血癥型則表現(xiàn)為體溫升高、四肢冰涼，臨死前體溫驟降，全身黏膜充血。兔痘是由痘病毒引起的急性傳染病，病兔皮膚（尤其是鼻、唇、眼瞼周圍）出現(xiàn)紅色丘疹，逐漸發(fā)展為水皰、膿皰，隨后結(jié)痂，同時(shí)伴有體溫升高、食欲減退，幼兔感染后死亡率較高。

　　Infectious diseases are the main risk threatening the health of the long haired rabbit population. These diseases spread rapidly and if not controlled in a timely manner, may lead to large-scale outbreaks. Rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease (commonly known as "rabbit plague") is one of the most serious infectious diseases. It is characterized by acute onset and high mortality. Acute cases often die suddenly without obvious symptoms. Rabbits with a slightly longer course of disease will have elevated body temperature (above 41 ℃), depression, loss of appetite, limb twitching, bloody foam flowing from the mouth and nose before death, and lung bleeding and liver enlargement can be seen on autopsy. Pasteurellosis is caused by Pasteurella multocida, and its symptoms vary depending on the site of infection. In rabbits with pneumonia, symptoms include coughing, sneezing, difficulty breathing, purulent discharge from the nostrils, and a "gurgling" sound during breathing; Rabbits with otitis media type (tilt head disease) have their heads tilted to one side and move in circles. In severe cases, they may not be able to stand and have difficulty feeding; Sepsis type is characterized by elevated body temperature, cold limbs, sudden drop in body temperature before death, and congestion of mucous membranes throughout the body. Rabbit pox is an acute infectious disease caused by poxvirus. Red papules appear on the skin of diseased rabbits (especially around the nose, lips, and eyelids), gradually developing into blisters and pustules, followed by scabbing, accompanied by increased body temperature and decreased appetite. The mortality rate of young rabbits infected is relatively high.

　　寄生蟲病多由體內(nèi)外寄生蟲感染引起，雖發(fā)病較緩，但會(huì)影響長(zhǎng)毛兔的生長(zhǎng)與產(chǎn)毛性能。球蟲病是幼兔常見的寄生蟲病，分為肝球蟲病和腸球蟲?。焊吻蛳x病病兔精神沉郁，被毛粗亂，肝區(qū)觸診有痛感，后期出現(xiàn)黃疸、腹瀉與便秘交替；腸球蟲病則以腹瀉為主，糞便帶血或黏液，病兔消瘦、貧血，肛門周圍沾滿糞便，嚴(yán)重時(shí)因脫水死亡。疥癬?。x?。┯山牝虬W螨寄生引起，疥螨多寄生在頭部、嘴周、腳爪，導(dǎo)致病兔劇烈瘙癢，頻繁啃咬、抓撓患處，皮膚出現(xiàn)丘疹、結(jié)痂，嚴(yán)重時(shí)脫毛、皮膚增厚龜裂；癢螨主要寄生在耳部，病兔耳道內(nèi)產(chǎn)生大量黃色痂皮，堵塞耳道，引起聽力下降、搖頭不安。

　　Parasitic diseases are often caused by parasitic infections both inside and outside the body. Although the onset is relatively slow, it can affect the growth and hair production performance of long haired rabbits. Coccidiosis is the most common parasitic disease in young rabbits, divided into hepatic coccidiosis and intestinal coccidiosis. Rabbits with hepatic coccidiosis have depressed spirits, coarse and messy fur, and a painful sensation when palpated in the liver area. Later, jaundice, diarrhea, and constipation alternate; Intestinal coccidiosis is mainly characterized by diarrhea, with bloody or mucous feces. The affected rabbits are emaciated, anemic, and covered in feces around the anus. In severe cases, they die from dehydration. Scabies disease (mite disease) is caused by parasitic mites such as scabies mites or itching mites. Scabies mites often parasitize on the head, mouth, and feet, causing severe itching, frequent biting and scratching of the affected area, papules and scabs on the skin, and in severe cases, hair loss, thickening and cracking of the skin; Itchy mites mainly parasitize the ears, and sick rabbits produce a large amount of yellow scabs in the ear canal, blocking the ear canal and causing hearing loss and shaking of the head.

　　普通病多與飼養(yǎng)管理不當(dāng)相關(guān)，通過改善環(huán)境與營(yíng)養(yǎng)可有效預(yù)防。消化系統(tǒng)疾病在長(zhǎng)毛兔中較為常見，積食病多因采食過多精料或易膨脹飼料（如豆餅、玉米）引起，病兔食欲減退，腹部膨大，觸診有堅(jiān)硬感，糞便干硬變小，嚴(yán)重時(shí)無法排便；腹瀉病則由飼料變質(zhì)、突然換料或著涼引發(fā)，病兔糞便稀薄如水，肛門周圍被毛污染，精神萎靡，后期因脫水導(dǎo)致四肢無力。毛球病是長(zhǎng)毛兔特有的疾病，由于舔食自身脫落的兔毛在胃內(nèi)形成毛球，病兔表現(xiàn)為食欲下降、便秘，有時(shí)嘔吐出帶有兔毛的黏液，腹部觸診可摸到圓形硬塊，長(zhǎng)期不愈會(huì)導(dǎo)致消瘦、貧血。

　　Common diseases are often related to improper feeding and management, and can be effectively prevented by improving the environment and nutrition. Digestive system diseases are more common in long haired rabbits, and indigestion is often caused by excessive consumption of concentrated feed or easily swollen feed (such as soybean cakes and corn). The diseased rabbits have decreased appetite, enlarged abdomen, and a hard feeling when palpated. The feces become dry and hard, and in severe cases, they cannot defecate; Diarrhea is caused by the deterioration of feed, sudden change of feed, or catching a cold. The feces of sick rabbits are as thin as water, and the area around the anus is contaminated with hair, leading to mental fatigue. In the later stage, dehydration causes weakness in the limbs. Woolball disease is a unique disease of long haired rabbits. Due to the formation of hairballs in the stomach by licking the shed rabbit hair, the diseased rabbits show decreased appetite, constipation, and sometimes vomiting mucus with rabbit hair. A round hard lump can be felt by palpation of the abdomen, which can lead to weight loss and anemia if left untreated for a long time.

　　營(yíng)養(yǎng)代謝病與飼料營(yíng)養(yǎng)不均衡密切相關(guān)，影響長(zhǎng)毛兔的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育與產(chǎn)毛質(zhì)量。維生素 A 缺乏癥多因長(zhǎng)期飼喂缺乏胡蘿卜素的飼料引起，病兔表現(xiàn)為夜盲癥（傍晚后行動(dòng)遲緩、碰撞障礙物），眼角膜干燥、渾濁，嚴(yán)重時(shí)失明，母兔還會(huì)出現(xiàn)流產(chǎn)或產(chǎn)畸形仔兔。鈣磷代謝紊亂常因飼料中鈣磷比例失調(diào)或缺乏維生素 D 導(dǎo)致，幼兔表現(xiàn)為佝僂病，四肢彎曲、關(guān)節(jié)腫大，站立困難；成年兔則患骨軟癥，骨骼脆弱易骨折，母兔產(chǎn)后易出現(xiàn)癱瘓，躺臥不起，乳汁分泌減少。

　　Nutritional metabolic diseases are closely related to imbalanced feed nutrition, affecting the growth, development, and wool quality of long haired rabbits. Vitamin A deficiency is often caused by long-term feeding of a diet lacking in carotenoids. Infected rabbits exhibit night blindness (delayed movement and collision with obstacles in the evening), dry and cloudy corneas, and in severe cases, blindness. Mother rabbits may also experience miscarriage or malformed offspring. Disruption of calcium and phosphorus metabolism is often caused by an imbalance in the proportion of calcium and phosphorus in the feed or a lack of vitamin D. Young rabbits exhibit rickets, bent limbs, swollen joints, and difficulty standing; Adult rabbits suffer from osteoporosis, with fragile bones that are prone to fractures. Female rabbits are prone to paralysis, lying down, and reduced milk secretion after childbirth.

　　外科病多由外傷、感染或護(hù)理不當(dāng)引發(fā)，需及時(shí)處理以防惡化。腳皮炎常見于成年長(zhǎng)毛兔，因籠底鐵絲過硬、粗糙，導(dǎo)致腳掌皮膚磨損感染，病兔腳掌出現(xiàn)充血、腫脹，隨后形成潰瘍，行走時(shí)疼痛跛行，嚴(yán)重時(shí)不愿站立，食欲下降。乳腺炎多發(fā)生于母兔產(chǎn)后，因乳頭被仔兔咬傷或環(huán)境衛(wèi)生差引發(fā)感染，病兔乳房紅腫、發(fā)熱，觸診有硬塊，乳汁變稠或帶血，嚴(yán)重時(shí)形成膿腫，體溫升高，拒絕哺乳。皮下膿腫由外傷感染葡萄球菌等細(xì)菌引起，病兔體表（如頸部、背部）出現(xiàn)圓形腫脹，初期較硬，后期變軟有波動(dòng)感，膿腫破裂后流出濃稠膿液，傷口長(zhǎng)期不愈合。

　　Surgical diseases are often caused by trauma, infection, or improper care, and require timely treatment to prevent deterioration. Foot dermatitis is common in adult long haired rabbits. Due to the hard and rough wire at the bottom of the cage, the skin on the soles of the feet becomes worn and infected. The affected rabbits' feet become congested and swollen, followed by ulceration. They experience pain and limping while walking, and in severe cases, they are unwilling to stand and their appetite decreases. Mastitis often occurs after childbirth in female rabbits, caused by infection due to nipple biting by young rabbits or poor environmental hygiene. The affected rabbits have red and swollen breasts, fever, hard lumps on palpation, thickened or bloody milk, and in severe cases, abscesses can form. Their body temperature rises and they refuse to breastfeed. Subcutaneous abscess is caused by external infection of bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. The surface of the affected rabbit's body (such as the neck and back) shows circular swelling, initially hard and later becoming soft and wavy. After the abscess ruptures, thick pus flows out, and the wound does not heal for a long time.

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